PK w\m collection.anki2SQLite format 3 @ .v
:Ov H 'aindexix_notes_csumnotes
CREATE INDEX ix_notes_csum on notes (csum)I 'aindexix_revlog_cidrevlog CREATE INDEX ix_revlog_cid on revlog (cid)U
)yindexix_cards_schedcards CREATE INDEX ix_cards_sched on cards (did, queue, due)E %]indexix_cards_nidcards
CREATE INDEX ix_cards_nid on cards (nid)I'aindexix_revlog_usnrevlog CREATE INDEX ix_revlog_usn on revlog (usn)E%]indexix_cards_usncardsCREATE INDEX ix_cards_usn on cards (usn)E%]indexix_notes_usnnotesCREATE INDEX ix_notes_usn on notes (usn)! tablegravesgravesCREATE TABLE graves (
usn integer not null,
oid integer not null,
type integer not null
)ktablerevlogrevlogCREATE TABLE revlog (
id integer primary key,
cid integer not null,
usn integer not null,
ease integer not null,
ivl integer not null,
lastIvl integer not null,
factor integer not null,
time integer not null,
type integer not null
)KutablecardscardsCREATE TABLE cards (
id integer primary key, /* 0 */
nid integer not null, /* 1 */
did integer not null, /* 2 */
ord integer not null, /* 3 */
mod integer not null, /* 4 */
usn integer not null, /* 5 */
type integer not null, /* 6 */
queue integer not null, /* 7 */
due integer not null, /* 8 */
ivl integer not null, /* 9 */
factor integer not null, /* 10 */
reps integer not null, /* 11 */
lapses integer not null, /* 12 */
left integer not null, /* 13 */
odue integer not null, /* 14 */
odid integer not null, /* 15 */
flags integer not null, /* 16 */
data text not null /* 17 */
)_ tablenotesnotesCREATE TABLE notes (
id integer primary key, /* 0 */
guid text not null, /* 1 */
mid integer not null, /* 2 */
mod integer not null, /* 3 */
usn integer not null, /* 4 */
tags text not null, /* 5 */
flds text not null, /* 6 */
sfld integer not null, /* 7 */
csum integer not null, /* 8 */
flags integer not null, /* 9 */
data text not null /* 10 */
)wtablecolcolCREATE TABLE col (
id integer primary key,
crt integer not null,
mod integer not null,
scm integer not null,
ver integer not null,
dty integer not null,
usn integer not null,
ls integer not null,
conf text not null,
models text not null,
decks text not null,
dconf text not null,
tags text not null
)
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L}e0VZA~${_7jf radio-atc Non-towered UNICOM vs MULTICOM? UNICOM = a non-government air/ground station giving advisories and services (often 122.7–123.0). MULTICOM (122.9) = used where there is no UNICOM or tower. RADIO, · 21Non-towered<+
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Q?_NXv)I;,R_7jf radio-atc Light Gun STEADY RED light gun — in flight vs on the ground? In flight: give way to other aircraft and continue circling. On the ground: stop. RADIO, · 14Light Gune
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f%Gs!WpRBH_7jf radio-atc Light Gun FLASHING GREEN light gun — in flight vs on the ground? In flight: return for landing (to be followed by a steady green). On the ground: cleared to taxi. RADIO, · 13Light GunA
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y.f{lc3b*d_7jf radio-atc Light Gun STEADY GREEN light gun — in flight vs on the ground? In flight: cleared to land. On the ground: cleared for takeoff. RADIO, · 12Light Gun>
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ju7RnyBM.[_7jf radio-atc Transponder Define "squawk," "ident," and "squawk standby." Squawk = set this transponder code. Ident = press the IDENT button to highlight your target on the controller's scope. Squawk standby = set the transponder to standby (no return transmitted). RADIO, · 11Transponder(
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Q 3,000 ft AND vis > 5 SM. MVFR: 1,000–3,000 ft and/or 3–5 SM. IFR: 500 to < 1,000 ft and/or 1 to < 3 SM. LIFR: < 500 ft and/or < 1 SM. WEATHER · 13Categories;
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LW+Y9i_7jf weather-metar TAF METAR vs TAF — what's the difference? A METAR reports OBSERVED current conditions at an airport (issued about hourly). A TAF is a FORECAST for roughly a 5 SM radius of the airport, usually valid 24–30 hours. WEATHER · 12TAFP9
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hawBiPABT=_7jf weather-metar Weather Decode common weather codes: RA, SN, DZ, TSRA, FG, BR, FZRA, GR, HZ. RA rain, SN snow, DZ drizzle, TSRA thunderstorm with rain, FG fog, BR mist, FZRA freezing rain, GR hail, HZ haze. Descriptors add detail: SH showers, TS thunderstorm, FZ freezing, BL blowing. WEATHER · 11Weather{7
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Npi5w%l^N_7jf weather-metar Temp What does a small temperature–dewpoint spread tell you? The air is near saturation (high humidity). A spread within a few degrees means fog, mist, or low clouds are likely — expect reduced visibility and ceilings. WEATHER · 09TempG3
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C^ll.6Lu)l_7jf weather-metar Pressure Decode the altimeter group "A2992". Altimeter setting 29.92 inHg. Standard sea-level pressure is 29.92 inHg (1013.2 hPa). WEATHER · 08PressureE1
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s?+t.XQc&^_7jf weather-metar Temp Decode temperature/dewpoint "M04/M07" and "28/19". Temperature/dewpoint in °C, M = minus. So −4°C/−7°C, and 28°C/19°C. WEATHER · 07Tempj/
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FxYP&Z@u!$_7jf weather-metar Sky What defines a "ceiling"? The height AGL of the lowest BROKEN or OVERCAST layer (or the vertical visibility into an obscuration). FEW and SCT layers are not ceilings. WEATHER · 06Sky+-
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uDn~a*:n)E_7jf weather-metar Sky List the METAR sky-cover codes and their coverage in oktas (eighths). SKC/CLR = clear, FEW = 1–2/8, SCT (scattered) = 3–4/8, BKN (broken) = 5–7/8, OVC (overcast) = 8/8. Heights are in hundreds of feet AGL (BKN035 = 3,500 ft). WEATHER · 05Skyp+
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kZI.k86tS9_7jf weather-metar Visibility Decode visibility "1 1/2SM", "10SM", and "M1/4SM". Prevailing visibility in statute miles: 1.5 SM, 10 (or more) SM, and less than 1/4 SM. M means "less than." WEATHER · 04Visibility )
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F7&bKv<`lJ_7jf weather-metar Wind Decode the wind group "24016G28KT". Wind from 240° true at 16 knots, gusting to 28 knots. VRB = variable direction; 00000KT = calm; a group like 180V240 in remarks shows variable direction limits. WEATHER · 03WindV'
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bc19:7$j3p_7jf weather-metar METAR How is the date/time reported? Decode "121853Z". Two-digit day of the month plus four-digit time in UTC/Zulu. 121853Z = the 12th at 1853 Zulu. WEATHER · 02METARA%
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jMb5&ix;t[_7jf weather-metar METAR What are the parts of a METAR, in order? Type, station (ICAO ident), day/time (Zulu), wind, visibility, weather, sky condition, temperature/dewpoint, altimeter, then remarks (RMK). Example: METAR KJFK 121853Z 18012KT 10SM FEW050 28/19 A2992 RMK AO2. WEATHER · 01METAR
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C6~-*d.yAw_7jf airspace Class C Class C — dimensions and entry requirement? Around airports with a tower, radar approach control, and moderate traffic. Typically surface–4,000 ft AGL: a 5 NM inner core and a 10 NM outer shelf (1,200–4,000 AGL). Two-way radio communication must be ESTABLISHED before entry. AIRSPACE · 04Class CUY
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GTp*DdcmJU_7jf airspace Class B Equipment and pilot requirements for Class B? Two-way radio, a Mode C transponder, and ADS-B Out. At least a private certificate — or a student/sport/recreational pilot with the required endorsement (student solo is prohibited at ~12 of the busiest Class B airports). AIRSPACE · 03Class BBW
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bWno(-t4@%_7jf airspace Class B Class B — shape, altitudes, and how you enter. Surrounds the nation's busiest airports; surface to about 10,000 ft MSL, shaped like an upside-down wedding cake. You must receive a specific clearance — "cleared into the Bravo" — before entering. AIRSPACE · 02Class BnU
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ft-a=}8q_7jf weather-metar Remarks What does "RMK" begin, and what is the difference between AO1 and AO2? RMK begins the remarks section. AO2 = an automated station WITH a precipitation discriminator; AO1 = automated WITHOUT one. WEATHER · 20RemarksMI
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pjF^;/Zl)/_7jf weather-metar Atmosphere What is density altitude and why does it matter? Pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temperature — the altitude the airplane "feels." High density altitude (hot, high, humid) means less lift and thrust: longer takeoff rolls and weaker climb. WEATHER · 19Atmosphere G
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p0pyEwpUm0_7jf weather-metar Atmosphere State the standard atmosphere (ISA) sea-level values and lapse rates. 15°C and 29.92 inHg (1013.2 hPa) at sea level. Temperature lapses about 2°C per 1,000 ft; pressure drops about 1 inHg per 1,000 ft. WEATHER · 18Atmosphere
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fd2,yPNKs;_7jf weather-metar Minimums VFR minimums in Class G, daytime, at or below 1,200 ft AGL? 1 SM visibility and clear of clouds. At night, or higher up, the requirements increase (generally 3 SM and 152 cloud clearance). WEATHER · 17MinimumsC
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uziUL0bV|r_7jf weather-metar Minimums VFR minimums in Class E at or above 10,000 ft MSL? 5 SM visibility; 1,000 ft below, 1,000 ft above, and 1 SM horizontally from clouds (aircraft go faster up high, so bigger margins). WEATHER · 16Minimums
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FkzP^g)Xvq_7jf airspace Charts What do the fuzzy magenta and fuzzy blue vignettes mean? Fuzzy magenta shading = Class E floor begins at 700 ft AGL. Fuzzy blue shading = Class E floor begins at 1,200 ft AGL. The airspace is on the shaded side of the line. AIRSPACE · 18Charts
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FFS0xuP1gQ_7jf airspace Charts How are Class B, C, D, and surface Class E drawn on a sectional? Class B = solid blue lines. Class C = solid magenta lines. Class D = dashed blue lines. Class E to the surface = dashed magenta lines. AIRSPACE · 17ChartssI=#G_7jf airspace Special Use What is an MOA (Military Operations Area)? Airspace that separates military training from IFR traffic. VFR flight through an active MOA is legal without a clearance, but use extreme caution and request advisories; verify whether it is active. AIRSPACE · 10Special Useme
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dhZ~2=F2P~_7jf airspace Special Use Prohibited vs Restricted areas? Prohibited (P-): flight is banned entirely (e.g., P-56 over the U.S. Capitol/White House). Restricted (R-): invisible hazards such as artillery or missiles — you may transit only with the controlling agency's permission, and only when it is not "hot." AIRSPACE · 09Special Use c
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jm6$]Rc&R:_7jf airspace Class G What is Class G airspace? Uncontrolled airspace — from the surface up to the overlying Class E floor. ATC has no authority there, and VFR weather minimums are the lowest. Common in remote and low-altitude areas. AIRSPACE · 08Class G@a
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i&gx||:Ar,_7jf airspace Class E What is Class E airspace? Controlled airspace that isn't A, B, C, or D. Floors are commonly 700 ft AGL (magenta shading), 1,200 ft AGL (blue shading), or the surface; it extends up to but not including 18,000 ft MSL. No clearance is needed for VFR. AIRSPACE · 07Class E5_
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g*;ANP&,EK_7jf airspace Class D Class D — dimensions and entry? Surrounds a towered airport (no radar service by the tower). Roughly surface to 2,500 ft AGL and about 4 NM radius, tailored to the instrument approaches. Two-way radio communication must be established. AIRSPACE · 06Class D']
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oBzfN5![ol_7jf airspace Class C When is two-way radio communication "established"? When ATC replies using your call sign. "N123, standby" = established (you may enter). "Aircraft calling, standby" without your call sign = NOT established — remain clear. AIRSPACE · 05Class C
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q6k~hb[pHK_7jf radio-atc ATIS What is ATIS and how do you use it? Automatic Terminal Information Service — a recorded loop of weather and airport information at busy fields, updated hourly and labeled with a phonetic letter ("information Alpha"). Tell ATC you "have information Alpha" on first contact. RADIO, · 07ATIS&
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sHXL7*.B|j_7jf radio-atc Phraseology Define "Say again," "Standby," "Unable," and "Say intentions." Say again = repeat your last transmission. Standby = wait, I'll get back to you. Unable = I cannot comply. Say intentions = tell me what you plan to do. RADIO, · 06Phraseology
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Ik_in8Wv/S_7jf radio-atc Phraseology Define Roger, Wilco, Affirmative, and Negative. Roger = I received all of your last transmission (it does NOT mean "yes"). Wilco = will comply. Affirmative = yes. Negative = no. RADIO, · 05Phraseology
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r]%6T)_7jf radio-atc Phraseology What are the four parts of an initial radio call? Who you're calling, who you are, where you are, and what you want. Example: "Palo Alto Tower, Skyhawk 12345, ten miles south, landing with information Bravo." RADIO, · 04Phraseology
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pse:D8$qQ{_7jf radio-atc Phonetics How are the numbers 3, 5, and 9 spoken on the radio? Three = "tree," five = "fife," nine = "niner." Digits are usually spoken individually; altitudes are grouped (e.g., "ten thousand five hundred"). RADIO, · 03PhoneticsS
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wf]&LKH/3I_7jf radio-atc Phonetics NATO phonetic alphabet, N through Z. November, Oscar, Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Sierra, Tango, Uniform, Victor, Whiskey, X-ray, Yankee, Zulu. RADIO, · 02PhoneticsJ
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f&F~4IId{Q_7jf radio-atc Phonetics NATO phonetic alphabet, A through M. Alfa, Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot, Golf, Hotel, India, Juliett, Kilo, Lima, Mike. RADIO, · 01Phoneticsf
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Di{KG}Pg2Q_7jf airspace Class B What certificate does a student pilot need to enter certain Class B airports? A logbook endorsement for that specific Class B airspace after ground and flight training. At about a dozen of the busiest Class B airports (listed in 91.131), student solo operations are prohibited entirely. AIRSPACE · 24Class BZ
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Lqk7y$Q{p@_7jf airspace Services What service does Class C provide that Class D does not? Class C has radar approach control providing sequencing and separation from IFR traffic plus traffic advisories to VFR aircraft. A Class D tower sequences runway traffic but does not provide radar separation itself. AIRSPACE · 23Services
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OE!-Hj6.Yo_7jf airspace Minimums What airspace does the "3-152" cloud-clearance rule cover? Class C, D, and E below 10,000 ft MSL: 3 SM visibility, 500 ft below, 1,000 ft above, and 2,000 ft horizontal from clouds. AIRSPACE · 22Minimums8}
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hDNqxhFN;_7jf airspace TFR What is a TFR and why check for them? A Temporary Flight Restriction — published by NOTAM around hazards, VIP movement, major sporting events, or disasters. Check NOTAMs before every flight; busting a TFR risks interception and enforcement action. AIRSPACE · 21TFR{
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FnuHVS/Smk_7jf airspace SVFR What is Special VFR and where can you get it? An ATC clearance to fly VFR in controlled airspace to the surface below normal VFR minimums (at least 1 SM visibility, clear of clouds), within the lateral limits at/below the airspace. Not offered at some busy airports; night SVFR requires an instrument rating and a properly equipped aircraft. AIRSPACE · 20SVFRy
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m~{4~R@T0T_7jf airspace Charts What is a TRSA? Terminal Radar Service Area — overlays certain Class D/E airports and offers radar sequencing and separation. Participation is voluntary but recommended; depicted with solid gray lines. AIRSPACE · 19Charts
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J>Nm18PuH$_7jf aerodynamics-lift V-speeds What is maneuvering speed (V_a), and why does it change with weight? The maximum speed at which full, abrupt control deflection won't overstress the airframe — the wing stalls before it breaks. V_a DECREASES as weight decreases, so a lighter airplane has a lower maneuvering speed. AERODYNAMICS · 20V-speedsuY
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q3HhEr/H,S_7jf aerodynamics-lift Spins What is a spin, and what is the PARE recovery? An aggravated stall with autorotation — one wing more deeply stalled than the other (yaw present at the stall). PARE: Power idle, Ailerons neutral, Rudder full opposite the spin, Elevator forward to break the stall, then recover from the dive. AERODYNAMICS · 19SpinstW
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Cih.QIYo!/_7jf aerodynamics-lift Stability Name the three stability axes and their control surfaces. Longitudinal stability = pitch about the lateral axis (elevator, CG, horizontal stabilizer). Lateral stability = roll about the longitudinal axis (dihedral). Directional stability = yaw about the vertical axis (vertical fin). AERODYNAMICS · 18Stability@U
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vIqu`Hxo1a_7jf aerodynamics-lift High Lift What do flaps do aerodynamically? They increase wing camber (and, on some types, area) to raise the coefficient of lift — allowing slower flight and steeper approaches. They also add drag, which is greatest at high flap settings. AERODYNAMICS · 17High LiftfS
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Oo}(YtZbRQ_7jf aerodynamics-lift Stability Effects of a forward vs an aft CG? Forward CG: more stable, higher stall speed, heavier control forces, more tail-down force and drag. Aft CG: less stable, lower stall speed, lighter controls — and if too far aft, dangerously unstable and hard to recover from a spin. AERODYNAMICS · 16StabilityCQ
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B>GcA5LuRZ_7jf aerodynamics-lift Stability Center of gravity vs center of pressure? The CG is the airplane's weight balance point. The center of pressure is where the wing's total lift acts, and it moves fore/aft with angle of attack. Their relationship drives pitch stability. AERODYNAMICS · 15Stability O
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js;O&prtF6_7jf aerodynamics-lift Load Factor Define load factor and give the values at 30°, 45°, and 60° of bank. Load factor = lift ÷ weight (in G). In a level turn n = 1/cos(bank angle): 30° ≈ 1.15 G, 45° ≈ 1.41 G, 60° = 2.0 G. AERODYNAMICS · 14Load FactorFM
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yOY]wZy=|o_7jf aerodynamics-lift Load Factor How does stall speed change with load factor in a level turn? Stall speed increases with the square root of the load factor: V_s(new) = V_s × √n. At a 60° bank the load factor is 2 G, so the stall speed rises about 41% (× 1.41). AERODYNAMICS · 13Load Factor8K
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xZawUEu?T7_7jf aerodynamics-lift Turns What is adverse yaw and how do you counter it? When rolling into a bank, the rising (outside) wing has more lift and therefore more induced drag, yawing the nose away from the turn. Counter it with coordinated rudder into the turn. AERODYNAMICS · 12Turns0I
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pT0)8I%%jw_7jf aerodynamics-lift Left Turn What is P-factor? Asymmetric propeller thrust. At a high angle of attack the descending (right) blade takes a larger bite of air than the ascending blade, producing more thrust on the right and yawing the nose left. AERODYNAMICS · 11Left TurneG
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B*gYF7p)*[_7jf aerodynamics-lift Left Turn Name the four left-turning tendencies. Torque (reaction to prop rotation), spiraling slipstream (strikes the tail on the left), P-factor (descending blade makes more thrust at high AOA), and gyroscopic precession (felt during pitch changes, e.g., a tailwheel takeoff). AERODYNAMICS · 10Left Turn
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JnE95osl{y_7jf aerodynamics-lift Ground Effect What is ground effect? Within about one wingspan of the surface, wingtip vortices and induced drag are reduced. It can let an airplane lift off below normal flying speed or float during landing. AERODYNAMICS · 09Ground Effect6C
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p$>LjOb_!O_7jf aerodynamics-lift Performance What is L/D max? The angle of attack (and corresponding airspeed) that gives the greatest lift-to-drag ratio — the point of minimum total drag. It yields best glide range and underlies best-endurance/economy speeds. AERODYNAMICS · 08PerformancefA
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zO[)//VF1E_7jf aerodynamics-lift Drag Induced drag vs parasite drag — and where each dominates. Induced drag is a by-product of producing lift (wingtip vortices); it is greatest at low speed / high AOA. Parasite drag (form, skin friction, interference) rises with the square of airspeed; it dominates at high speed. AERODYNAMICS · 07DragE?
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F(r5bhkk-^_7jf aerodynamics-lift AOA Distinguish chord line, relative wind, and flight path. The chord line runs from the leading to the trailing edge. The relative wind is the airflow opposite the flight path. Angle of attack is the angle between the chord line and the relative wind. AERODYNAMICS · 06AOAr=
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f!m2VikMMJ_7jf aerodynamics-lift Stall What is the critical angle of attack, and what is a stall? The critical AOA (about 16–18° for many airfoils) is where airflow separates and lift drops sharply. A stall is ALWAYS the result of exceeding the critical angle of attack — it can happen at any airspeed, weight, or attitude. AERODYNAMICS · 05Stall;
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qb;;=*5ziT_7jf aerodynamics-lift AOA Define angle of attack. The angle between the wing's chord line and the relative wind. It is NOT the same as pitch attitude — a wing can be at a high angle of attack at any pitch or airspeed. AERODYNAMICS · 04AOA)9
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oHSpfy;2)i_7jf aerodynamics-lift Lift State the lift equation and its variables. L = C_L × ½ρV² × S. C_L = coefficient of lift (airfoil shape and angle of attack), ρ = air density, V = velocity, S = wing area. Lift varies with the SQUARE of airspeed. AERODYNAMICS · 03Liftl7
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f4@B];_7:p_7jf aerodynamics-lift Lift How does a wing produce lift? (two complementary explanations) It deflects air downward — Newton's third law gives an equal and opposite upward reaction — AND it creates lower pressure over the curved upper surface than beneath (Bernoulli). Both describe the same net upward force. AERODYNAMICS · 02Lift55
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A<|6DW84Z<_7jf aerodynamics-lift Four Forces Name the four forces acting on an airplane in flight. Lift (up), Weight/gravity (down), Thrust (forward), and Drag (rearward). In unaccelerated straight-and-level flight they balance: lift = weight and thrust = drag. AERODYNAMICS · 01Four Forces3
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OZ~n]Kk=5p_7jf radio-atc Emergency What is the emergency / guard frequency? 121.5 MHz — the VHF international air distress "guard" frequency. Monitor it when able; use it for emergencies or when you cannot reach ATC. RADIO, · 24Emergency{1
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op~T#8:i5b_7jf radio-atc Phraseology What does "line up and wait" mean? Taxi onto the departure runway and hold in position, ready for takeoff. It is NOT a takeoff clearance — wait for "cleared for takeoff." RADIO, · 23PhraseologyC/
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p#@EI9AK0!_7jf aerodynamics-lift Performance What is the region of reversed command ("behind the power curve")? The low-speed, high-AOA regime where MORE power is required to fly SLOWER because induced drag dominates. On approach it means correcting a low, slow condition may require adding power rather than only pitching down. AERODYNAMICS · 24Performanceoa
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tBeY*lJw8x_7jf aerodynamics-lift Wake What are wingtip vortices, and when are they strongest? Circulating air spilling from the high-pressure area below the wingtip to the low-pressure area above — the source of induced drag and wake turbulence. They are strongest when an aircraft is heavy, clean (no flaps/gear), and slow. AERODYNAMICS · 23Wakec_
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gkqr!f{wxV_7jf aerodynamics-lift Stall Why is stall speed (in indicated airspeed) about the same at any altitude? A wing stalls at a fixed angle of attack, which corresponds to a fixed INDICATED airspeed (dynamic pressure). So the stall IAS stays nearly constant with altitude even though true airspeed increases. AERODYNAMICS · 22Stall@]
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mN)2GbK!}5_7jf aerodynamics-lift AOA Angle of incidence vs angle of attack? Angle of incidence is the FIXED angle at which the wing is mounted to the fuselage (built in by the designer). Angle of attack is variable and set by the pilot through pitch relative to the relative wind. AERODYNAMICS · 21AOA
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